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 Papers
on Applications
Papers Cited
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Characterization of
Enzootic Foci of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viris in Western
Venezuela. by Roberto Barrera, Nieves Torres, Jerome E. Freier,
Juan C. Navarro, Carmen Z. Garcia, Rosalba Salas, Clovis Vasquez, and
Scott C. Weaver. in Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. Vol. 1,
No. 3, Fall 2001. pp. 219-230.
Abstract:
The distribution of the sylvatic subtype ID Venezuelan equine encephalitis
(VEE) viruses in the lowland tropical forest of western Venezuela was
investigated using remote sensing and geographic information system
technologies. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper satellite imagery was used
to study the reflectance patterns of VEE endemic foci and to identify
other locations with similar reflectance patterns. Enzootic VEE
virus variants isolated during this study are the closest genetic
relatives of the epizootic viruses that emerged in western Venezuela
during 1992-19993. VEE virus surveillance was conducted by exposing
sentinel hamsters to mosquito bites and trapping wild vertebrates in seven
forests identified and located by means of the satellite image. We
isolated VEE viruses from 48 of a total of 1,363 sentinel hamsters in two
of the forests on six occasions, in both dry and wet seasons. None
of the 12 small vertebrates captured in 8,190 trap-nights showed signs of
previous VEE virus infection. The satellite image was classified
into 13 validated classes of land use/vegetation using unsupervised and
supervised techniques. Data derived from the image consisted of the
raw digital values of near- and mid-infrared bands 4, 5, and 7, derived
Tasseled Cap indices of wetness, greenness, and brightness, and the
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Digitized maps provided
ancillary data of elevation and soil geomorphology. Image
enhancement was applied using Principal Component Analysis. A
digital layer of roads together with georeferenced images was used to
locate the study sites. A cluster analysis using the above data
revealed two main groups of dense forest separated by spectral properties,
altitude, and soil geomorphology. Virus was isolated more frequently
from the forest type identified on flat flood plains of main rivers rather
than the forest type found on the rolling hills of the area. The
spatial analysis suggests that mosquitoes carrying the enzootic viruses
would reach 82-97% of the total land area by flying only 1-3 km from
forests. We hypothesize that humans within that area are at risk of
severe disease caused by the enzootic ID VEE viruses. By contrast,
equines could actually become naturally vaccinated, thus preventing the
local emergence of epizootic IC VEE virus strains and protecting humans
indirectly.
[Barrera, Torres, Navarro,
and Garcia are with the Instituto de Zoologia Tropical, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracus and uses TNTmips.
Freier is with the USDA Center for Animal Disease Information and
Analysis, Fort Collins, CO, which also uses TNTmips.]
Abstract.
Intensification of tropical agricultural systems by increasing fertilizer
input and technology is a current trend in developing regions. Under
intensive management, erosion impacts on crop productivity may not be
detected in the short term. However, long-term impacts are expected
because erosion rates in tropical agroecosystems are usually greater than
the rate of soil formation. A temporal function of soil-depth change
was defined and named life time. Conceptually, soil’s life time is
the time until minimum soil depth needed for sustaining crop production is
reached. The life time function was applied to the Cereiro watershed
(1990 ha) located at the Southeastern part of Brazil, and compared with
sugarcane (Saccharam officinarum L.) yield loss estimation. Soil
erosion prediction was made employing the Water Erosion Prediction
Project. The mean soil erosion rate for the area was 15 Mg ha-1
yr-1, and sugarcane showed the highest mean value of 31 Mg ha-1
yr-1. The half life time of the watershed, i.e., the time
until 50% of the area reach the minimum soil depth, was estimated to +563
yr in relation to present time. The estimated time for sugarcane’s
productivity to be reduced to 50% of the present value (half yield life
time) was +361 yr. The life-time function was similar to the
estimated long-term impacts of soil erosion on crop productivity.
Therefore, the life-time function was considered as an integrative
indicator for agricultural sustainability, useful for land-use planning
and for the definition of tolerable soil erosion.
[This project made extensive
use of TNTmips for data reduction, organization, surface modeling,
and illustration.]
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Comparison of Three
Water Erosion Prediction Methods (137Cs, WEPP, USLE) in South-East
Brazilian Sugarcane Production. by G. Sparovek, O.O.S. Bacchi, E.
Schnug, S.B.L. Ranieri, and L.C. De Maria. Journal of Agriculture
in the Tropics and Subtropics. Vol 101, October 2000. pages
107-118.
-
Earthquake: Imagery
Sheds Light on Damage. by Lucian Chiroiu, Francoise Bahoken,
and Giles Andre. Imaging Notes. Vol. 17, No. 3, May/June
2002. pages 28-29.
[authors are staff of
GeoSciences Consultants, a MicroImages dealer in France]
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Turkey
Taps Diverse Processing Tools to Build Frequency Management Center.
Kevin P. Corbley. EOM, V 10, No. 11, November 2001. pages
25-28.
[This
article discusses and illustrates a product developed in Turkey using the TNTsdk
(Software Develop Kit) by the Communications and Spectrum Management
Research Center at Bilkent University in Ankara. This product
integrates geospatial analysis with Oracle and Sybase for managing and
monitoring frequency spectrum allocation and compliance. The
complete text of this article can be found at http://www.eomonline.com/Common/currentissues/Nov01/corbley.htm
but for some reason the useful illustrations are omitted from their online
articles, silly, but perhaps they can not afford the drive space?]
-
Rates
of Clearing of Native Woody Vegetation. 1997-2000.
prepared for New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation.
prepared by Environmental Research and Information Consortium (ERIC),
Canberra, Australia. March 2001. 33 pages including color
plates.
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Rates
of Clearing of Native Woody Vegetation. 1995-1997.
prepared for New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation.
prepared by Environmental Research and Information Consortium (ERIC),
Canberra, Australia. December 1997. 50 pages including color
plates.
-
Rates
of Clearing of Native Woody Vegetation. 1995-2000.
prepared for New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation,
Centre for Natural Resources. prepared by Environmental Research and
Information Consortium (ERIC), Canberra, Australia. May 2001.
11 page summary report including color plates.
[these
reports can be found at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/veg/technical/eric/]
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Rule-based
Integration of Remotely-sensed Data and GIS for Land Cover Mapping in NE
Costa Rica.
by Kenneth L. Driese, William A. Reiners, and Robert C. Thurton.
Dept of Botany, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 92071-3165.
Geocarto International, V 16, No. 1, March 2001 pages 35-44. email
kdriese@uwyo.edu
Abstract:
A classification method was developed for mapping land cover in NE Costa
Rica at a regional scale for spatial input to a biogeochemical model
(CENTURY). To distinguish heterogeneous cover types, unsupervised
classifications of Landsat Thematic Mapper data were combined with
ancillary and derived data in an iterative process. Spectral classes
corresponding to ground cover types were segregated into a storage raster
while ambiguous pixels were passed through a set of rules to the next
stage of processing. Feature sets were used at each step to help
sort spectral classes into land cover classes. The process enabled
different feature sets to be used for different types while recognizing
that spectral classification alone was not sufficient for separating cover
types that were defined by heterogeneity. Spectral data included TNT
reflective bands, principle components and the NDVI. Ancillary data
included GIS coverages of swamp extents, banana plantation boundaries and
river courses. Derived data included neighborhood varieties and
majority measures that captured texture. The final map depicts 18
land cover types and captures the general patterns found in the region.
Some confusion still exists between closely related types such as pasture
with different amounts of tree cover.
Extraction
from section on methods: Although the scene was largely
cloud-free, significant areas of cloud (5.5%) existed in the west-central
and northern part of the area. A cloud and cloud shadow mask was
developed using both TNTmips (MicroImages, Lincoln, Nebraska) and Arc/Info
(ESRI, Redlands, California). The TNTmips Feature Mapping process
and all reflective TM bands to automatically map the central portions of
clouds with manually selected sample points as input. The cloud
raster was converted to a polygon coverage (Arc/Info), and cloud polygons
were buffered with a 57 m distance (2 pixels) to capture the cloud
fringes. The resulting buffered cloud coverage and an offset
coverage for cloud shadows was hand-edited to insure complete cloud and
cloud shadow masking.
Specific
processing steps are outlined in Table 2 and are listed by cover type in
Table 3. All unsupervised classification was accomplished using TNTmips
and all subsequent sorting of resulting spectral classes was performed
using the Grid module in Arc/Info. … [Using old version of TNTmips
before GIS capabilities were completed.]
Abstract:
Intensification of tropical agricultural systems by increasing fertilizer
input and technology is a current trend in developing regions. Under
intensive management, erosion impacts on crop productivity may not be
detected in the short term. However, long-term impacts are expected
because erosion rates in tropical agroecosystems are usually greater than
the rate of soil formation. A temporal function of soil-depth change
was defined and named life time. Conceptually, soil’s life time is
the time until minimum soil depth needed for sustaining crop production is
reached. The life time function was applied to the Cereiro watershed
(1990 ha) located at the Southeastern part of Brazil, and compared with
sugarcane (Saccharam officinarum L.) yield loss estimation. Soil
erosion prediction was made employing the Water Erosion Prediction
Project. The mean soil erosion rate for the area was 15 Mg ha-1
yr-1, and sugarcane showed the highest mean value of 31 Mg ha-1
yr-1. The half life time of the watershed, i.e., the time
until 50% of the area reach the minimum soil depth, was estimated to +563
yr in relation to present time. The estimated time for sugarcane’s
productivity to be reduced to 50% of the present value (half yield life
time) was +361 yr. The life-time function was similar to the
estimated long-term impacts of soil erosion on crop productivity.
Therefore, the life-time function was considered as an integrative
indicator for agricultural sustainability, useful for land-use planning
and for the definition of tolerable soil erosion.
[This
project made extensive use of TNTmips for data reduction,
organization, surface modeling, and illustration.]
-
Comparison
of Three Water Erosion Prediction Methods (137Cs, WEPP, USLE) in
South-East Brazilian Sugarcane Production.
G. Sparovek, O.O.S. Bacchi, E. Schnug, S.B.L. Ranieri, and L.C. De
Maria. Journal of Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics.
Vol. 101, October 2000. pages 107-118.
-
Combination
of Digital Aerial Photography and Satellite Remote Sensing to Assist
Contemporary Restructuring in an Urban Area of South Africa.
Hannes Botha and Ronnie Donaldson. Using Geocarto International, Vol.
15, No. 3, Sept. 2000. pages 53-62
Abstract.
The transition and restructuring process of urban South Africa are
currently in the phase of identifying land development objectives.
These objectives aim to integrate previously segregated areas through
integrated development plans. This research aims firstly to identify
and describe the historical development of the spatial form and structure
of the secondary city and capital of the Northern Province, Pietersburg
and its dispersed peripheral towns. Supervised classification of
SPOT HRV multispectral imagery is used to support the theoretical
explanation. Images from airborne digital Kodak DCS 420 camera are
used to provide training sites in the pre-classification stages, and also
provide field data to the process of post-classification accuracy
assessment. Secondly, SPOT HRV imagery is applied to identify the
stark contrast in urban development between the city of Pietersburg and
its surrounding former homeland towns. Both built and natural
environmental aspects are investigated. In conclusion, benefits and
problems of assessing urban morphology and development in a developing
county by means of a combination of satellite imagery and digital aerial
photography are discussed.
- Geologist Relies
on GIS to Assist in Unraveling Complex Geology in Iceland.
by Kevin Corbley. EOM September 2000. Volume 9 No 9.
pp. 12 -15.
- Aplicacao de Indice Comparativo na Avaliacao do
Risco de Degradacao das Terras: Application of a Comparative
Index in Evaluation of Land Degradation. by S.B.L. Ranieri, G.
Sparovek, M.P. Souza, and D. Dourado Neto. Rivista Brasileira de
Ciencia do Sol. Volume 22, Number 4. October to December 1998. pp.
751-760.
- Multi-layered and Statistically Based Ecosystem
Mapping: The de facto standard for land resource planning in the 21st
century. by John D. Beckingham, Michael Desilets, Darrin
Nielsen, and Frank Johns. EOM June 1999. Vol. 8, No. 8. pp. 10 to
13.
- The True Picture:
Hampton Tree Farms refine timber mapping with panchromatic
imagery from latest remote sensing satellite.
by Kevin Corbley.
Timber Harvesting, March 1999, pp. 20-27.
-
Assessing Field Remediation
Economics with Integrated Data Analysis. Two
companies team to develop a thematic imaging and spatial analysis
technique for exploration and field purposes. by Jim Walsh. Earth
Observation Magazine, Volume 6, Number 4, April 1997. pp 16-19.
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Fine Tuning Forestry Maps with
Satellite Data. A Portland, Oregon forest management company uses
high resolution satellite imagery to manage its properties more
effectively. by Kevin P. Corbley. Earth Observation Magazine,
Volume 5, Number 7, July 1997. pp 16-18.
|
25 March 2009 |
page update:
26 May 11
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